Passage Nine
Though England was on the whole prosperous and hopeful, though by comparison with her neighbors she enjoyed internal peace, she could not evade1 the fact that the world of which she formed a part was torn by hatred2 and strife3 as fierce as any in human history. Men were still for from recognizing that two religions could exist side by side in the same society; they believed that the toleration of another religion different from their own. And hence necessarily false, must inevitably4 destroy such a society and bring the souls of all its members into danger of hell. So the struggle went on with increasing fury within each nation to impose a single creed5 upon every subject, and within the general society of Christendom to impose it upon every nation. In England the Reformers, or Protestants, aided by the power of the Crown, had at this stage triumphed, but over Europe as a whole Rome was beginning to recover some of the ground it had lost after Martin Luthers revolt in the earlier part of the century. It did this in two ways, by the activities of its missionaries6, as in parts of Germany, or by the military might of the Catholic Powers, as in the Low Countries, where the Dutch provinces were sometimes near their last extremity7 under the pressure of Spanish arms. Against England, the most important of all the Protestant nations to reconquer, military might was not yet possible because the Catholic Powers were too occupied and pided: and so, in the 1570s Rome bent8 her efforts, as she had done a thousand years before in the days of Saint Augustine, to win England back by means of her missionaries.
These were young Englishmen who had either never given up the old faith, or having done so, had returned to it and felt called to become priests. There being, of course, no Catholic 百度竞价推广inaries left in England, they went abroad, at first quite easily, later with difficulty and danger, to study in the English colleges at Douai or Rome: the former established for the training of ordinary or secular9 clergy10, the other for the member of the Society of Jesus, commonly known as Jesuits, a new Order established by St, Ignatius Loyola same thirty years before. The seculars11 came first; they achieved a success which even the most eager could hardly have expected. Cool-minded and well-informed men, like Cecil, had long surmised13 that the conversion14 of the English people to Protestantism was for from complete; manyCecil thought even the majorityhad conformed out of fear, self-interest orpossibly the commonest reason of allsheer bewilderment at the rapid changes in doctrine15 and forms of worship imposed on them in so short a time. Thus it happened that the missionaries found a welcome, not only with the families who had secretly offered them hospitality if they came, but with many others whom their first hosts invited to meet them or passed them on to. They would land at the ports in disguise, as merchants, courtiers or what not, professing16 some plausible17 business in the country, and make by devious18 may for their first house of refuge. There they would administer the Sacraments and preach to the house holds and to such of the neighbors as their hosts trusted and presently go on to some other locality to which they were directed or from which they received a call.
1. The main idea of this passage is
[A]. The continuity of the religious struggle in Britain in new ways.
[B]. The conversion of religion in Britain.
[C]. The victory of the New religion in Britain.
[D]. England became prosperous.
2. What was Martin Luthers religions?
[A]. Buddhism19. [B]. Protestantism. [C]. Catholicism. [D]. Orthodox.
3. Through what way did the Rome recover some of the lost land?
[A]. Civil and military ways. [B]. Propaganda and attack.
[C]. Persuasion20 and criticism. [D]. Religious and military ways.
4. What did the second paragraph mainly describe?
[A]. The activities of missionaries in Britain.
[B]. The conversion of English people to Protestantism was far from complete.
[C]. The young in Britain began to convert to Catholicism
[D]. Most families offered hospitality to missionaries.
Vocabulary
1. evade 避开，回避
2. creed 教义，信条，主义
3. the Crown 原义皇冠，在英国代表王权，王室/君主
4. low Countries 低地国，指荷兰，卢森堡，比利时
5. last extremity 最后阶段，绝境，临终。这里指那里人民临近 无可选择只能信奉天主教。
6. bend ones effort 竭尽全力
7. 百度竞价推广inary 高等中学，神学院/校
8. surmise12 猜度，臆测
9. doctrine 教义
10. plausible 貌似合理/公平的
11. courtier 朝臣
12. devious 绕来绕去的，迂回曲折的
13. Sacrament 圣礼，圣事/餐
14. secular 修道院外的，世俗的
15. the society of Jesus 天主教的耶酥会
16. Douai 杜埃（法国地名）
17. Jesuit 天主耶酥会会士
难句译注
1. The Douay Bible 杜埃圣经（罗马天主教会核定的英译本圣经，于1582年及16091610你年又罗马天主教学者将新旧约分别从拉丁文译成英语在杜埃出版，可见当时杜埃是天主教权势的集中地之一。
2. St. Ignatius Loyola 圣罗耀拉 14911556 西班牙军人及天主教教士，耶酥会的开创者。
3. Cecil 西塞尔 15201598，英国政治家，女王伊丽莎白的得力大臣。
4. Men were still for from recognizing that two religions could exist side by side in the same society; they believed that the toleration of another religion different from their own. And hence necessarily false, must inevitably destroy such a society and bring the souls of all its members into danger of hell.
[结构简析] 用分号连接的两个分句，分句中都有that 是引导的宾从。
[参考译文] 大家远远没意识到两个宗教可以并存于同一个社会中；他们觉得容忍不同于他们我们的宗教，由于也势必是不对的教派，不可防止的会破坏如此一个社会，从而把所有些成员的灵魂带进地狱的危险。
5. Against England, the most important of all the Protestant nations to reconquer, military might was not yet possible because the Catholic Powers were too occupied and pided: and so, in the 1570s Rome bent her efforts, as she had done a thousand years before in the days of Saint Augustine, to win England back by means of her missionaries
[结构简析] the most important of all the Protestant nations to reconquer, 这句话是同位语，说明England. As she had done a thousand ，这里的as =just to 义：就像，正如。
[参考译文] 应对英国，需要重新征服的所有基督教国家里非常重要的一国，动用军事力量不可能。由于天主教大国们太忙，太分裂；因此罗马于1570年代就像一千年前，在圣奥古斯都统治时期它曾做过的那样，竭尽权力想通过传教方法把英国赢回来。
写作办法与文章大意
这篇文章论及罗马教皇使用文武两手政策在欧洲，特别在英国，恢复旧教天主教。使用通常到具体的写作手法。可以说由大到小。大的欧洲背景，最后落实在英国的具体做法。重点在英国。
答案祥解
1. A. 这篇文章的中心思想是英国宗教斗争以新的方法继续进行。
B. 英国宗教的转变。 C. 新教在英国的胜利。 D. 英国变得兴盛。这三项都是文内谈到具体事情，不可以作主题思想。
2. B. 新教，基督教。由于罗马教皇推行的是天主教。这在第一段第四句明确点明：在英国，宗教改革者，或者说基督教，在英国皇权的帮助下，此时已获得胜利；而作为整个欧洲来讲，罗马教皇已经开始恢复世纪初马丁路德反叛后所失去的一些地盘。马丁路德是改革者，也就是基督教。
A. 佛教。 C. 天主教。 D. 东正教
3. D. 宗教和武力。第一段第五句说明：教皇用两种方法进行恢复，一种就像在部分德国区域进行的那样通过传教士的活动，另一种象在低地国里进行的，通过天主教国家的军事力量。那里荷兰的几个省份在西班牙的军事重压下，常常是被逼迫得几乎走投无路了。
A. civil and military ways文武两手，civil范围太广，特别指民事的，非宗教的，文职的。这里不适合。 B. 宣传和抨击。 C. 劝说和批评。都不对。
4. A. 传教士活动在英国。第二段的开始就讲到，这类英国年轻人或者根本没舍弃老的信仰，或者舍弃将来又重新归反旧教，应召成为牧师。英国当然没剩下天主教神学院，他们就出国，开始比较容易，后来，有困难甚至有危险，到杜埃或罗马英文学院就读。前者专为培养通常或修道院外的牧师而建。后者是培养耶酥会教士，通称天主耶酥会会士，是约三十年前圣罗耀拉创建的一种神职。在杜埃学习的牧师先回来，他们获得了让人意料之外的成功。下面就是他们（如此指第一类修道士在英国活动状况）。头脑冷静，信息灵通人士，像西塞尔这种政治家，长期以来，一直猜度，英国人归反基督教新教的过程远远未完成。很多人因他们被在那样短的时期内强加到他们身上的信仰形式，飞快变更的教义搞糊涂了。
B. 英国人归反基督教的事情远远未完成。 C. 在英国年轻人开始归反天主教。两项选择见上文讲解。都是传教活动开始是什么原因。D. 大部分家庭礼待传教士。这是第二段最后几行谈到这类传教士秘密来到英国后的状况。他们不只遭到老关系家庭欢迎。也遭到首次邀请他们的家庭欢迎。主人还把他们介绍给其它家庭。
