11. A controversial program rewards prison inmates1 who behave particularly well in prison by giving them the chance to receive free cosplaymetic2 plastic surgery performed by medical students. The program is obviously morally questionable3, both in its assumptions about what inmates might want and in its use of the prison population to train future surgeons. Putting these moral issues aside however the surgery clearly has a powerful rehabilitative4 effect as is shown by the fact that, among recipients5 of the surgery the proportion who are convicted of new crimes committed after release is only half that for the prison population as a whole.
A flaw in the reasoning of the passage is that it
allows moral issues to be a consideration in presenting evidence about matters of fact
dismisses moral considerations on the grounds that only matters of fact are relevant
labels the program as controversial instead of discussing the issues that give rise to controversy7
asserts that the rehabilitation8 of criminals is not a moral issue
relles on evidence drawn9 from a sample that there is reason to belleve is unrepresentative
12. The retina scanner a machine that scans the web of tiny blood vessels10 in the retina, stores information about the pattern formed by the blood vessels. This information allows it to recognize any pattern it has previously11 scanned. No two eyes have identical patterns of blood vessels in the retina. A retina scanner can therefore be used successfully to determine for any person whether it has ever scanned a retina of that person before.
The reasoning in the argument depends upon assuming that
diseases of the human eye do not alter the pattern of blood vessels in the retina in ways that would make the pattern unrecognizable to the retina scanner
no person has a different pattern of blood vessels in the retina of the left eye than in the retina of the right eye
there are enough retina scanners to store information about every peroson's reuns
the number of blood vessels in the human retrna is invariant although the patterns they form differ from person to person
there is no person whose retinas have been seanned by two or more different retina scanners
13. There are just two ways a moon could have been formed from the planet around which it travels: either part of the planet's outer shell spun12 off into orbit around the planet or else a large object, such as a come or meteoroid struck the planet so violently that it dislodged a mass of material form inside the planet Earth's moon consists primarily of materlals different from those of the Earth's outer shell.
If the statements above are true which one of the following if also true would most help to justify13 drawing the conclusion that Earth's moon was not formed from a piece of the Earth?
The moons of some planets in Earth's solar system were not formed primarily from the planets' outer shells.
Earth's moon consists primarily of elements that differ from those inside the Earth.
Earth's gravity cannot have trapped a meteoroid and pulled it into orbit as the Moon.
The craters14 on the surface of Earth's moon show that it has been struck by many thousands of large meteoroids.
Comets and large meteoroids normally move at very high speeds.
14. Cafieine can kill or inhibit15 the growth of the larvae16 of several species of insects. One recent experiment showed that tobacco hornworm larvae die when they ingest a preparation that consists in part of finely powdered tea leaves which contain caffeine. This result is evidence for the hypothesis that the presence of non-negligible quantities of caffeine in various parts of many perse species of plants is not accidental but evolved as a defense17 for those plants.
The argument assumes that
caffeine-producing plants are an important raw material in the many facture of commercial insecticides
caffeine is stored in leaves and other parts of cafieine-producing plants in concentrations roughly equal to the caffeine concentration of the preparation fed to the tobacco hornworm larvae
caffeine-producing plants grow wherver insect larvae pose a major threat to indigenous18 plants or once posed a major threat to the ancestors of those plants
the tobacco plant is among the plant species that produce caffeine for their own defense
caffeine-producing plants or their ancestors have at some time been subject to being ted6 upon by creatures sensitive to caffeine
15. The only plants in the garden were tulips but they were tall tulips So the only plants in the garden were tall plants
Which one of the following exhibits faulty reasoning most similar to the faulty reasoning in the argument above?
The only dogs in the show were poodles and they were all black poodles. So all the dogs in the show were black.
All the buildings on the block were tall. The only buildings on the block were office buildings and residential19 towers. So all the office buildings on the block were tall buildings
All the primates20 in the zoo were gorillas21. The only gorillas in the zoo were small gorillas. Thus the only primates in the zoo were small primates
The only fruit in the kitchen was pears but the pears were not ripe.Thus none of the fruit in the kitchen was ripe
All the grand pianos here are large. All the grand pianos here are heavy Thus everything large is heavy
16. Scientific research will be properly channeled whenever those who decide which research to fund give due weight to the scientific merits of all proposed resaearch. But when government agencies control these funding decisions, political considerations play a major role in determining which research will be funded, and whenever political considerations play such a role the inevitable22 result is that scientific research is not properly channeled.
Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the statements above?
There is no proper role for political considerations to play in determining who will decide which scientifie research to fund.
It is inevitable that considerations of scientific merit will be neglected in decisions regarding the funding of scientific research.
Giving political considerations a major role in determining which scientific research to fund is incompatible23 with giving proper weight to the scientific merits of proposed research.
When scientific research is not properly channeled governments tend to step in and take control of the process of choosing which research to fund
If a government does not control investment in basic scientific research political consideration will inevitably be neglected in deciding which research to fund
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