Time35 minutes
24 Questions
Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For some questions more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However you are to choose the best answer that is me response that most accurately1 and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are bycommonsense standards implausible superfluous2 or incompatible3 with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet.
1. Director of Ace4 Manufacturing Company: Our management consultant5 proposes that we reassign staff so that all employees are doing both what they like to do and what they do well. This, she says, will increase productivity by fully6 exploiting our available resources. But Ace Manufacturing has a long-standing commitment not to exploit its workers. Therefore, implementing7 her recommendations would cause us to violate our own policy.
failing to distinguish two distinct senses of a key term
attempting to defend an action on the ground that it is frequently carried out
defining a term by pointing to an atypical example of something to which the term applies
drawing a conclusion that simply restates one of the premises8 of the argument
calling something by a less offensive term than the term that is usually used to name that thing
2. A large number of drivers routinely violate highway speed limits. Since driving at speeds that exceed posted limits is a significant factor in most accidents, installing devices in all cars that prevent those cars from traveling faster than the speed limit would prevent most accidents.
Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A person need not be a trained mechanic to install the device properly.
Most accidents are caused by inexperienced drivers.
A driver seldom needs to exceed the speed limit to avoid an accident when none of the other drivers involved are violating the speed limit.
Most drivers who exceed the speed limit do so unintentionally.
Even if the fines for speed-limit violations9 were increased, the number of such violations would still not be reduced.
3. In a recession, a decrease in consumer spending causes many businesses to lay off workers or even to close, Workers who lose their jobs in a recession usually cannot find new jobs. The result is an increase in the number of people who are jobless. Recovery from a recession is defined by an increase in consumer spending and an expansion of business activity that creates a need for additional workers. But businesspeople generally have little confidence in the econnomy after a recession and therefore delay hiring additional workers as long as possible.
The statements above, if true, provide most support for which one of the following conclusions?
Recessions are usually caused by a decrease in businesspeoples confidence in the economy.
Governmental intervention10 is required in order for an economy to recover from a recession.
Employees of businesses that close during a recession make up the majority of the workers who lose their jobs during that recession.
Sometimes recovery from a recession does not promptly11 result in a decrease in the number of people who are jobless.
Workers who lose their jobs during a recession are likely to get equally good jobs when the economy recovers.
4. Scientists analyzine air bubbles that had been trapped in Antarctic ice during the Earths last ice age found that the ice-age atmosphere had contained unusually large amounts of ferrous material and surprisingly small amounts of carbon dioxide. One scientist noted12 that alage absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The scientist hypothesized that the ferrous material, which was contained in atmospheric13 dust, had promoted a great increase in the population of Antarctic algae14 such as diatoms.
Which one of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine the scientists hypothesis?
Diatoms are a microscopie form of algae that has remained largely unchanged since the last ice age.
Computer mosels suggest that a large increase in ferrous material today could greatly promote the growth of oceanic alage.
The dust found in the air bubbles trapped in Antarctic ice contained other minerais in addition to the ferrous material.
Sediment15 from the ocean floor near Antarctica refiects no increas, during the last ice age, in the rate at which the shells that diatoms leave when they die accumulated.
Alage that currently grow in the oceans near Antarctica do not appear to be harmed by even a large increase in exposure to ferrous material.
5. Adults who work outside the home spend, on average, 100 minutes less time each week in preparing dinner than adults who do not work outside the home. But, contrary to expectation, comparisons show that the dinners eaten at home by the two groups of adults do not differ significantly with respect to nutritional16 value, variety of menus, or number of courses.
Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy17 in the information above?
The fat content of the dinners eaten at home by adults who do not work outside the home is 25 percent higher than national guidelines recommend
Adults who do not work outside the home tend to prepare breakfast more often than adults who work outside the home.
Adults who work outside the home spend 2 hours less time per day on all household responsibilities, including dinner preparation, than do adults who do not work outside the home.
Adults who work outside the home eat dinner at do home 20 percent less often than do adults who not work outside the home.
Adults who work outside the home are less likely to plan dinner menus well in advance than are adults who do not work outside the home.
The regulator responds to the legislators criticism by
shifting the blame for the scandals to the legislature
providing information that challenges the conclusion drawn18 by the legislator
claiming that compliance19 with the legislatures mandate20 would have been an insufficient21 response
repharasing the legislators conclusion in terms more favorable to the regulator
showing that the legislators statements are self-contradictory.
7. A commonly accepted myth is that left-handed people are more prone22 to cause accidents than are right-handed people. But this is, in fact, just a myth, as is indicated by the fact that more household accidents are caused by right-handed people than are caused by left-handed people.
The reasoning is flawed because the argument.
makes a distinction where there is no real difference between the things distinguished
takes no account of the relative frequency of left-handed people in the population as a whole
uses the word accidents in two different senses
ignores the possibility that some hosehold accidents are caused by more than one person
gives wholly irrelevant23 evidence and simply disparages24 an opposing position by calling it a myth.
Questions 8-9
Ornithologist25: The curvature of the claws of modern tree-dwelling birds enables them to perch26 in trees. The claws of Archeopteryx, the earlies known birdlike creature, show similar curvature that must have enabled the creature to perch on tree limbs. Therefore, Archeopteryx was probably a tree-dwelling creature.
Paleontologist: No, the ability to perch in trees is not good evidence that Archeopteryx was a tree-dwelling bird.Chickens also spend time perched in trees, yet chickens are primarily ground-dwelling.
8. In responding to the ornithologists hypothesis that Archeopteryx was tree-dwelling, the paleontologist
questions the qualifications of the ornithologist to evaluate the evidence
denies the truth of the claims the ornithologist makes in support of the hypothesis
uses a parallel case to illustrate27 a weakness in the ornithologists argument
shows that the hypothesis contradicts one of the pieces of evidence used to support it
provides additional evidence to support the ornithologists argument
9. Which one of the following is an assumption on which the ornithologists reasoning depends?
Modern tree-dwelling birds are the direct descendants of Archeopteryx.
Archeopteryx made use of the curvature of its claws.
There have never been tree-dwelling birds without curved claws.
Archeopteryx was in fact the earliest birdlike creature.
The curvature of the claws is the only available evidence for the laim that Archeopteryx was tree-dwelling.
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