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大学考试|英语阅读的猜词方法

来源:www.ddazt.com 2024-09-16

在英语阅读中,大家自然会遇见很多生词。这个时候,很多人立即翻阅字典,查找词义。其实,这种做法是不科学的。它不但浪费时间费力,而且影响阅读速度。事实上,阅读材料中的每一个词与它前后的词汇或句子甚至段落有着互相制约的关系。大家可以借助语境(各种已知信息)推断、判断某些生词的词义。猜测词义时,可借助以下线索:
一 针对性讲解

针对性讲解是作者为了更好的表达思想,在文章中对一些要紧的定义、难懂的术语或词语等所作的讲解。这类讲解提供的信息具备明确的针对性,借助它们猜词义很容易。

1. 依据概念猜测词义

假如生词是句子或段落所讲解的概念,理解句子或段落本身就是判断词义。比如:

anthropology1 is the scientific study of man. 由概念可知,anthropology就是研究人类的科学。

In slang the term jam constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a difficult situation.

同样,从上下文的概念可知jam一词在俚语中的意思是困境。

概念句的谓语动词多为:be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to,be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。

2.依据复述猜测词义

虽然复述不如概念那样严谨、详细,但提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。

复述部分可以适合词、短语或是从句。

同位语

Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.

此例逗号中短语意为对词意义进行研究的学科。该短语与前面生词百度竞价推广anties式

同位关系,因此大家不难猜出百度竞价推广anties指语义学。

在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接,有时也用破折号,冒号,分号,引号,和括号等。

Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.

由同位语大家非常快猜出生词capacitance词义---电容量。应该注意的是:同位语前还常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say i. e. 等副词或短语出现。

定语从句

Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal2 affective disorder,a syndrome3 characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.

依据生词SAD后面定语从句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位语androme characterized by severe seasonal mood swings, 大家可以判断出SAD含义,即季节性情绪紊乱症。

依据举例猜测词义

适合的举例可以提供猜测生词的要紧线索,比如:

The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical4 area as they were in the past. 句中战争和重大科学发现是生词的实例,通过它们大家可以猜出epochal的大致辞义要紧的,这与其确切含义划年代的十分接近。

二 内在逻辑关系

依据内在逻辑关系推断词义是指运用语言常识剖析和判断有关信息之间存在的逻辑关系,然后依据逻辑关系判断生词词义或大致义域。

1. 依据对比关系猜测词义

在一个句子或段落中,有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描 述,大家可以参考生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。比如:

Andrew is one of the most supercilious5 men I know. His brother, in contrast,is quite humble6 and modest.

该例中supercilious对很多人来讲可能是个生词,但句中短语in contrast,(相对照的,相对比的)可以提示大家supercilious和后面词组humble and modest(谦卑又谦虚)是对比关系。剖析出这种关系后,大家便能猜出supercilious意为目中无人的,傲慢的。

表示对比关系的词语和短语主如果unlike,not,but,however,despite,in spite of,in contrast 和while 引导的并列句等。

A good supervisor7 can recognize instantly the adept8 workers from the unskilled ones.

该句中并未出现上面提到的表示对比关系的词或短语,但通过上下文可以看出句子前后是对比关系,即把熟练工人与非熟练工人区别开。这个时候大家也可以判断出生词adept的词义,熟练的。

2. 依据比较关系猜测词义

同对比关系相反,比较关系表示意义上的相似关系,比如:Green loves to talk,and his brothers are similarly loquacious9.

该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间的比较关系。以此可以判断出loquacious词义为健谈的。

表示比较关系的词和短语主如果similarly,like,just as,also等。

3. 依据因果关系猜测词义

在句子或段落种,若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系,大家可以参考这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。比如:

Tom is considered an autocratic administrator10 because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.

依据缘由状语从句的内容,大家可以判断出生词autocratic指独断专行的。

There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd. 此句为结果状语从句,依据从句的描书很多示威者,大家便可推知elbow的词意挤,挤过。

4. 依据近义词的替代关系猜测词义

在句子或段落种,大家可以借助熟知的词汇,依据语言环境判断生词词义。比如:

Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank,and he did not want to jeopardize11 his future.

作者为防止重复用endanger一词,用其近义词jeopardize来替代它,由此推知其词义为使. . . 陷入危险,危及、风险。

Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental12 to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful.

句中detrimental四个生词,但看出harmful替代detrimental后,不难判断出其词义为不利的,有害的。

三 外部有关原因

外部有关原因是指篇章以外的其他常识。有时仅靠剖析篇章内在逻辑关系没办法猜出词义。这个时候,就需要运用生活经验和普一般识确定词义。比如:

Husband:its really cold out tonight.

Wife: Sure it is. My hands are practically numb13.

How about lighting14 the furnace?

依据生活经验,天气寒冷时,手一定是冻僵的,冻得麻木的。

The snake slithered through the grass.依据有关蛇的生活习性的常识,大家可以判断出slither词义为爬行。

在猜测词义过程中,除去用上面提到的一些方法,大家还可以依赖构词方面的常识,从生词本身猜测词义。

1. 依据前缀猜测词义 比如:

He fell into a ditch and lay there, 百度竞价推广iconscious, for a few minutes.

依据词根conscious(清醒的,有意识的),结合前缀百度竞价推广i(半,部分的,不完全的),

大家便可猜出百度竞价推广iconscious词义半清醒的,半昏迷的。

Im illiterate15 about such things.

词根literate意为有文化修养的,通晓的,前缀il表示否定,因此illiterate指一窍不通,不了解的。

2. 依据后缀猜测词义

比如:

Insecticide is applied16 where it is needed.

后缀cide表示杀者,杀灭剂,结合大伙熟知的词根insect(昆虫),不难猜出

insecticide意为杀虫剂。

Then the vapor17 may change into droplets18.

后缀let表示小的,词根drop指滴,滴状物。将两个意思结合起来,便可判断出droplet词义小滴,微滴。

3.依据复合词的各部分猜测词义

比如:

Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output.

Hightlight可能是一个生词,但剖析该词结构后,就能推断出其含义。它是由high(高的,强的)和light(光线)两部分组成,合在一块便是以强光照射,使突出的意思。

Bullfight is very popular in Spain.

Bull(公牛)和fight(打,搏斗)结合在一块,指一种在西班牙颇为时尚的体育运动---斗牛。

综上所述,借助各种已知信息推断、判断词义是一项要紧的阅读方法。在实践中,大家可以灵活运用,综合运用上面提到的几种猜测方法,排除生词的障碍,顺利理解文章的思想内容,提升阅读速度。


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