面对托福考试，有人选择自学，有人也会报托福培训机构学习。无论是哪一种，都需要大伙平常多多积累常识。托福听力是不少人关心的问题，下面推荐几个听力笔记的重点，当你听到以下内容时要维持高度警惕，把听到的内容记下来，由于这类指示词表明着重点的出现。
同义替换，容易见到的信号词有
1. that is to say;
2. namely;
3. or rather;
4. to be more exact;
5. to put it another way;
6. in other words;
7. by definition .
在托福听力中，大家常常会听到进行概念介绍的说法如“it is called/it’s known as + 专有名词”， 或者“专有名词 define/refer to …”。一般而言，这种专有名词术语某个特定的范围，如商业、教育学、考古学、地球科学。考生相对不太熟知，因此这类信号词的前后内容可以增加考生对整体听力讲坛的把握和主旨理解。
例：
According to this theory, an organism’s cells in their regular metabolic processes, by metabolic processes I mean things like cellular restoration and reproduction. Uh, in their regular metabolic processes cells generate oxygen molecules, some of which have an extra electron. That extra or free electron makes the whole molecule unstable. The unstable molecule is known as a free radical. Okay? And according to this theory these free radicals causes damage to other molecules and structures within the cell, including most significantly to the cell’s DNA. And it’s this gradual degradation of DNA and tissues and larger structures that drives the aging process.
文中用到了be known as 的结构给专有名词自由基下了概念
例：
And finally, cephalopods also use what’s called disruptive coloration. Disruptive body patterns are irregular patches of different shapes and colors that serve to distract an observers attention and obscure the outline or crude shape of the animal. In other words, a disruptive pattern makes it difficult to see the shape and size of the animal. Disruptive patterns can also achieve some level of general re百度竞价推广blance to the background. That is they often contain small regions of model patterns or even uniformity.
In other words 换言之，赞同替换，说上句和这句说的是同一个东西。
举例说明信号词
托福听力中，教授也常会进行举例说明，容易见到的举例信号词有
1. for example;
2. as;
3. for instance;
4. Like;
5. Say .
通过举一些容易见到或者很容易理解的例子，去讲解某样事物或某个现象，使得其愈加生动形象，通俗易懂。
例：
Roman pottery for example, it was typically glazed so it’s very shiny, easy to see against the soil. But, pottery of the early middle ages was brown or grey and it wasn’t glazed, so you’d have trouble spotting it at an excavation. It’s kind of camouflaged against the soil. So it’s easy to draw the wrong conclusions about population size based on the available evidence.
例子中提到了pottery的例子，对比了罗马时期和中世纪早期的pottery有什么区别，例证的提示词用到的是for example
例：
Professor: Yes, and Wright was intent on creating effects like that. Another example. I mentioned the stone floors, those floors have an uneven textured surface. They’re waxed and highly polished so they’re shiny and reflective. This achieves an intriguing effect. Inside the house it actually looks as though there’s moving river water running over the floor stones.
这是一篇介绍建筑学家作品的讲坛，讲的是wright 的falling water 溺水山庄。
截取片段中提到了Wright在创作溺水山庄时所用到的自然理念，其中用了stone floor的例子来打造出河流的景象。例证提示词用的是 another example。
逻辑性信号词
如最容易见到是什么原因、对比、转折、并列等。对于缘由信号词，考生可以尤为注意
1. because ;
2. so;
3. the reason why;
4. since;
5. as/for .
例：
Now all of this may not seem relevant to this week’s reading about the ancient Mayan populations in Central America, which we’ll get to in a minute. But, you’ll notice that your book includes population distribution maps that have been generated based on archeological evidence. So, a word to the wise, population distribution maps for western Europe show lots of large empty spaces for the early Middle Ages even though evidence, like those post holes and documents about Yeavering, might tell quite a different picture.
书中的玛雅文明中的人口分布图，但是依据考古证据绘制的，所以，尽管Yeavering的考古证据会得出不同的结论，但对比中世纪早期的西欧人口分布地图，依旧有不少空白。表明了考古证据并非显示该地人口分布的决定性原因，有时大家的存活痕迹并未必可以保存下来。
对比信号词
对于对比信号词，考生除去注意比较级和最高级以外，还要多注意类比和对比
1. compare to;
2. different from……l;
3. unlike……;
4. as ……as .
等这类间接表达对比的词或词组。
例：
Graphene is the strongest material ever made. Its strength is due to its perfect crystal and atomic structure, which looks like chicken wire under a microscope actually. You could compare graphene to diamond because they’re both made of carbon atoms that are arranged in a simple and regular pattern. But unlike diamond, graphene is incredibly flexible akin to plastic wrap. And because of its atomic structure, graphene is also an outstanding heat conductor. Electrons speed through this material much faster than they can through other materials.
石墨烯是有史以来最坚固的材料。它的坚固是因为它完美的晶体和原子结构，在显微镜下看着像铁丝网。在介绍石墨烯的时候通过类比钻石来进一步说明了它的柔韧性和导电性。
转折信号词
这类是考生特别需要注意的信号词。即教授最后想要强调的点，也是核心考点的地方。通过先陈述一部分事实或者抛出一个问题，然后来一个转折性的连词，提出真的的看法。因此这类转折词前后信息是考生需要应该注意的地方。
转折信号词是托福听力中最容易见到的信号词之一。容易见到的信号词形式如下
1. however;
2. nevertheless;
3. yet;
4. still;
5. though;
6. anyhow;
7. even so;
8. in any case;
9. anyway;
all;
11. in spite of that;
12. by the way .
例：
But there’s another challenge, the industrial production of graphene sheets. The adhesive tape method is good for producing small samples for research purposes but we need a reliable way to mass produce graphene in large sheets so it can be sold to companies that manufacture transistors for example.
在解说石墨烯的这篇讲坛当中，教授先讲了石墨烯的各种性能优势，随后but画风一转讲到了在应用上的面临的问题和挑战。
并列信号词
1. first;
2. second;
3. third;
4. for a start;
5. for one thing;
6. for another;
7. to begin with;
8. next;
则是非常不错的信号词，提示了两句句子之间的平等并列关系。
A synthesizer can generate new sounds and then combine them in symphonic ways. It can mimic the sounds of conventional instruments as well as create the synthase tones. And the second thing it can do is modify sound.
这篇音乐进步历史的讲坛，教授讲了合成器。一方面不仅能够产生生的声音，其次还可以修改声音。
另外听力笔记还有一些其他的高效小窍门，譬如：
笔记要结构明确，一眼可以找到要紧信息在什么地方
防止重复的内容多次记录
用自己习惯的符号/缩写大法
最后要提醒大伙的是，托福听力考试中，记录笔记是为了帮助大家更好记忆听力文章内容与做题，但光有理论基础还不够，需要同学们在平时的训练中不断精进。假如考试报名网校的托福培训机构学习，目前还是有福利送给大伙的哦!
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