1、不合习惯的说法
不一样的民族有不一样的习惯和表达办法。一句话,一个词,在一个国家表达的是好意,引起大家好的联想和情感,在另一个国家转达的可能是坏意,引起大家不好的联想和情感。假如翻译不注意,就大概引起误解或不快。而假如大家注意这类差异,在译文中加以运用,就能收到较好的成效。在翻译不涉及政治、经济等要紧问题,只涉及生活习惯、平时用语时,可以更灵活些,根据译入语的习惯说法表达意思。
1、见面问候
中国人见面时喜欢问:吃过了吗? Have you had breakfast?到哪去?Where are you going?这都不是外国人在见面问候时会问的问题。假如见面就问外国人到哪儿,人家会以为你要知道人家的私事,对你会产生反感。外国人喜欢问:你怎么样?这句话可以有不少表达办法,如How are you? How do you do ?How have you been doing? Hello! Hey!等。用哪一句来表达你的问候,取决于你与被问候人的关系密切程度。总之,这些的问候语,直译或许会叫人感到莫名其妙,还是按外国人的习惯翻译较好。
2、对患者的问候
中国人喜欢对患者深表同情。但外国人则随便不愿表现出其弱的一面,对他们表达过分同情的话未必会收到好的成效。比如:中国人在听说一个生活病后或许会说:得知贵体欠佳,深感不安和关切。直译:I was rather disturbed by and concerned about your illness.但如此翻译会使感到病情非常重,只能加重患者的顾虑,达不到安慰患者的目的。根据英文的表达习惯,可译为:I am sorry to hear about your illness and wish you a speedy recovery.如此翻译既表达了讲话者的难过心情,又表达了期望患者尽快康复的愿望。
3、对待别人的表彰和感谢
在遭到表彰或感谢时,中国人总是比较谦虚,会说:这没什么。这是我应该做的。或者,哪儿,哪儿,我还做得非常差。假如直译:It is nothing. This is my duty. This is what I should do. Well, I have not done very well. There is still much to be improved.所有这类谦恭的话,在外国人听起来,都会看上去做作。西方人一般会说:Its my pleasure.
Thank you for your kind words. I feel flattered.翻译这类话时,宜依据西方的习惯来译。
4、迎接外宾时
中国人迎接远道而来的客人时常常会说:一路上辛苦了。累不累?You must have been tired after the long flight而外国人喜欢在其他人面前看上去年轻、有朝气,不喜欢让人觉得体弱,或有疲劳感。因此,上述问候话直译成效不好,可译成:How was the flight? Have you had a pleasant flight?或者You have had a long flight.
2、不够委婉的语气
有时有人讲话比较直率、唐突,直译或许会使人感到不太客气,甚至会失礼。译员应学习委婉说法,在翻译时把握好语气。但为外交斗争需要而用针锋相对的语言除外。
例1 中国可作为贵国资源性商品的稳定市场,同时中国的很多工业商品可满足贵国市场的需要。
直译:Your resource-based products can find a stable market in China and Chinese industrial products can meet the needs of your market.这么直译或许会叫人担忧,以为大家的工业品要去占领他们的市场。同样的意思可以翻得更客气一些。如:You may find a stable market in China for your primary products and may also get a number of industrial products from China to meet some of your needs.
例2 我想向大伙介绍一下你们所关心的经济问题。
直译:I wish to talk on Chinas economic development in which you are interested.
如此翻译,看上去讲话者太一定听众会对他所讲内容有兴趣。尽管讲话者了解听众是感兴趣的,但说得客气一点成效更好。可译为:I would like to brief you on Chinas economic development, which might be of interest to you.
另外,大家交际的人大多是上层人士,大家需要掌握用礼貌文雅的语言,不然,会产生距离、反感,从而失去朋友,有损我形象。
1974年,加拿大白求恩纪念委员会访华代表团中有一位团员对我接待官员说,我方翻译像警察,缘由是那天早晨,翻译到他房间对他说:You have breakfast at 8, get your luggage downstairs at 8:30 and leave here for the airport at 9.OK?语言简单、生硬、不礼貌,给外宾留下了不好的印象。建议对外宾说:Breakfast is at 8. Would you please get your luggage downstairs at 8:30?we are going to leave here for the airport at 9.
曾有一位女翻译招呼外宾时,大声喊叫Hello而不了解说:Excuse me,在宣布事情时一直:Attention please.而不是说:Ladies and Gentlemen, may I have your attention please.结果一位外宾对此感到不快,说:I dont want to talk to that wild girl.要人帮忙时,大家时常会说:你能告诉我到地方如何走吗?你能说英语吗?等。假如英文译成:Can you tell me how to get to?Can you speak English?那将是非常不客气的问话。他们会以为你怀疑他的能力。由于英文字can表示能力。假如改为could,含义就不同了。可以译为:Could you please tell me how to get? Do you speak English?一个陌生人问你怎么样去某地时,你非常可能传闻:最好坐公共汽车去。如将这句话译为Youd better take a bus,听起来不够礼貌。由于Youd better这个句型含有You have a duty to do something,或You have an obligation to的意思。是一种命令语气,常用于晚辈或下属。因此,如此翻译不够礼貌。这句话有很多客气的表达办法。
如:I suggest you take a bus.
It might be better to take a bus.
Perhaps you might like to take a bus.
Why not take a bus?
I think the best way is by bus.
总之,大家翻译工作者需要掌握礼貌用语,委婉表达法。中国驻悉尼总领事段津在谈到对外往的交流艺术时曾介绍了一些礼貌用语。如:在对其他人的建议表示不同怎么看时可以说:
I have to disagree with you, but I would think或者Well, theres a point in what you said, but 对某件事表示不认可见时,可以说:Would it not be better if请其他人帮忙时,可以说:Could you do me a favour, 或者Excuse me ,I have a problem,等等。在绝其他人需要时,可以说:I am afraid it doesnt work.或者I wonder whether it will work, but Ill try my best.
一些学识渊博、资深的外交官很擅长用委婉客气的语气来表达不认可见。譬如,一个外国代表团在一次国际会议上,是如此对一个国际会议领导职位侯选人的提名表示不认可见的。他说:
As an experienced Minister with a distinguished1 record of service, we are confident that he has all the attributes to be an outstanding president of this Conferencebut I have to place before you some of the reservations that we have about this nomination2. If I may, I will share with you some of our concerns. Such a presidency3 will be misread by those outside the ILO as signaling that
可以译为:他是一位有经验的部长,并做出了出色的成绩。大家相信,他完全具备条件,可以成为一个杰出的会议主席。但,我不是不陈述大家对于这一提名的保注意见。请允许我向你们谈谈大家所关注的一些问题。这一主席的提名会被国际劳工组织以外的人误解为发出一个的信号。这位团长既了解地表达了反对建议,但又讲得很委婉、客气。这类表达办法非常值得大家学习、借鉴。
3、动词使用方法不对
英语动词总是有其特定的使用方法。如不熟知,就会出错。以下仅举两例来讲明动词的不同形态、种类。
例1 Welcome
中文中常常会出现,欢迎某人做某事的句子,按中文语序翻译如此的句子,总是会出现中式英文。北京长安街两个大餐馆门前一线品牌子上有两条表示欢迎的大标语:北京欢迎你、国际餐馆欢迎你。同时又用英语书写了这两条标语的意思:
Beijing Is Waiting for You 和International Hotel Welcomes You.中国民航赠送的挎包上曾印有中、英文的欢迎词:欢迎乘坐中国民航,Welcome you to fly CAAC.英语中的欢迎一般用welcome这个词。Welcome作动词时有两种形式可用:动词+宾语,动词+宾语+副词短语。
习惯上可以译为welcome somebody to somewhere,或welcome to a place.显然上述译法不符合这个英文词的一般表达习惯。应译为:Welcome to Beijing, Welcome to International Hotel 和Welcome to fly CAAC。如要翻译欢迎贵国工商界人士到中国去投资,不可以译为:We welcome people from the business community of your country to make investment in China.可译为:i)People from the business community here in this country are welcome to make investment in China.或ii)We hope that people from the business community here in this country will go and invest in China.
4、禁语的译法
任何社会都会有一些需要大伙遵循的行为准则。如:公共场所不准抽烟、不准乱扔果皮纸屑、不准大声喧哗等。有的单位还依据本单位状况拟定一些规则。怎么样翻译禁语是应该注意的又一个要紧问题。中文禁语比较严肃,用词直截了当,以体现其法律效力。而外国人有时以比较婉转的口吻表达同样的意思。大家应尽可能以译入语禁语的习惯表达方法来翻译禁语,并力求简洁。请比较下述两例的两种译法,第一种译法是国内一些地方标出的译文。第二种译法是建议译文。
例1 禁止拍照
Forbid photograph
No Photos
例2 禁止抽烟
Forbid Smoking
No Smoking或者Thank you for not smoking.